What is Gum Disease (Gingivitis vs. Periodontitis)?

Gum disease is usually caused by plaque – a sticky film of bacteria – that accumulates on teeth and irritates the gums.

Gingivitis

This is the early stage of gum disease. The gums become red, swollen, and may bleed easily when brushing or flossing. Gingivitis is usually not painful, which is why it can be overlooked. The good news is that gingivitis is reversible – with proper brushing, flossing and a professional cleaning to remove any tartar, gums can return to health. No permanent damage has occurred at this stage (the bone and connective tissue are still intact).

Periodontitis

If gingivitis is left untreated, it can progress to periodontitis. In periodontitis, the plaque and tartar spread below the gum line and the toxins from bacteria trigger a chronic inflammatory response. This leads to the breakdown of the tissues and bone that support the teeth. Gums start to pull away from the teeth, forming “pockets” that trap more bacteria. Over time, these pockets deepen, more gum and bone are destroyed, and teeth can become loose and even fall out or require extraction. Periodontitis is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults. Unlike gingivitis, periodontitis causes irreversible changes.

Signs you might have periodontitis (beyond the bleeding gums of gingivitis) include persistent bad breath, receding gums (teeth look longer), gum abscesses, a change in your bite or how your teeth fit together, and any mobility of teeth. Some people also experience tender gums or a bad taste.

Risk factors for gum disease include smoking (huge risk factor), diabetes (uncontrolled blood sugar can worsen gum disease), genetic predisposition, hormonal changes (like in pregnancy, which can exaggerate response to plaque), certain medications, and of course poor oral hygiene.